The Institution of Family in Transition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Institution of Family in Transition - Essay Example Quite simply stated, these writers portray suffering as a strengthening force, colonialism as a rationale for rebellion and the re-identification, even redefinition, of the nation and gender as an irrelevant determinant of capabilities and limitation as they proceed from a premise of gender equity. But how do we read such texts Current literary theory depersonalizes the literature. The critical theories of Bakhtin, Foucault, Kristeva, and Derrida manipulate the parameters for reading and analyzing these works. Even though their theories are critically important and will be used to shed light on the narratives, the study aims to expand its theoretical framework beyond them. The reason is that much is lost in narrowing the possibilities for conversation to gender, sex and the body. For this reason and in an attempt to move from minimalistic readings to the radical readings required to free such texts from theory which marginalizes the meaning it attempts to elucidate, the study will turn to Baktin, Focault and Said's concept of contrapuntal reading. This is a valid approach to textual interpretation and reading since it challenges the static quality of the politics of identity. In Culture and Imperialism (1993) Said expands on ideas he had initiated in his earlier seminal work, Orientalism (1978). Said argues that rather than engaging in literary criticism that divides and separates along the lines of identities - race, class, gender, and sexuality - those identities should be recognized but not polarized. Said views these identities as special but part of overlapping and interconnected experiences. Rather than reading texts separately and isolating them according to its special history of identity, Said suggests that texts be read from a comparative, or contrapuntal, perspective. we must be able to think through and interpret together experiences that are discrepant, each with its particular agenda and pace of development, its own internal formations, its internal coherence and system of external relationships, all of them coexisting and interacting with others (Said 32). Said emphasizes the importance of recognizing the interdependence of various histories on each other, such as slavery, Islamic fundamentalism, and the caste system, as well as the interaction of contemporary societies with each other, such as the United States, South Africa, Egypt, Lebanon and India. Thus, in the act of reading, the reader must place the text in both its historical and current situation and place the texts in conversation with each other for the purpose of a deeper understanding of oneself and others. In other words, contrapuntal reading requires a perspective beyond one's own national borders, or landscape, into a universal perspective, where a collective memory represents the whole rather than the fragmented. In formulating a strategy for reading postcolonial texts, the study adheres to Baktin, Focault and Said's concept of contrapuntal reading. But before such an approach can be formulated, it is necessary to

Italy' economy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Italy' economy - Research Paper Example The economic crisis of 2007-2011 had a negative impact to Italy’s economy. During this crisis, the economic growth went down by 6.74%. This left Italy in a huge budget deficit. Italian debt rating was quite poor by 2011 attributed to the government’s inability to make effective decisions on national issues. However, this changed over that period when the government adopted austerity measures that led to a budget deficit of only 1.5% in 2011. According to the International Monetary Fund, measured by nominal gross domestic product, Italy’s economy is the seventh largest in the world and fourth largest in Europe preceded by Germany, France and United Kingdom (OECD 127). This is despite its late industrialization and the current economic growth being almost stagnant. Most economic growth has been contributed by industrialization, which developed rapidly in the 1950’s. There is also practice of agriculture, which contributes about 2% of its growth domestic product, and tourism is the most important industry (Rodgers & Simon 134). Industries in Italy are diversified ranging and mostly based on the North in Milan, Turin and Genoa. Over half of the labor force is employed in the manufacturing industry that deals with chemicals, food, clothing, footwear, motor vehicles and ceramics among others OECD 34). The rest are employed in agriculture that deals in livestock like goats, cattle sheep and pigs together with plants like soybean, grapes, potatoes and sugar beets. Most of these industries were state owned but recently, the trend is changing to privatization. Most scholars and analysts suggest that Italy’s economy should have been above other countries like China or even Japan. Since this is not the case, political instabilities and the problems discussed above in the history of the economy as discussed are some of